Abbreviations AHR:: Airway hyperresponsiveness AP-1:: Activator protein 1 AR:: Aldose reductase CAT:: Catalase CI:: Confidence interval COPD:: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CPC:: C-phycocyanin DALYs:: Disability-adjusted life years DC:: Dendritic cell ERK:: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase FEV 1 : Forced expiratory volume in one second FVC: Forced vital capacity GATA3: GATA binding protein 3 GPER: G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor GPCR: G-protein-coupled receptor GSH: Glutathione HDM: House dust mite HO-1: Heme oxygenase1 IFN: Interferon gamma IgE: Immunoglobulin E IL: Interleukin ILC2: Innate type 2 lymphoid cell JAK: Janus kinase JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MDA: Malondialdehyde MIF: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor MitoQ: MitoQuinone MMP: Matrix metalloproteinases NFB: Nuclear factor kappa B NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 NLR: NOD-like receptor Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 OR: Odds ratio OVA: Ovalbumin PGD2: Prostaglandin D2 PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase PM: Particulate matter ROS: Reactive oxygen species S1P: Sphingosine-1-phosphate scRNA-seq: Single-cell RNA sequencing SIRT1: Sirtuin 1 SOD: Superoxide dismutase SSRA: Severe steroid-resistant asthma STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription TGF: Transforming growth factor beta Th: T helper TLR: Toll-like receptor TNF: Tumor necrosis factor alpha Treg: Regulatory T cell Trx1: Thioredoxin-1 TSG: 2,3,5,4-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O--d-glucoside TWEAK: TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis XBP-1: X-box binding protein 1 References Porsbjerg C, Melen E, Lehtimaki L, Shaw D

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